Acne and blemishes can be caused by a combination of factors that affect the skin's health and appearance. Excess sebum production from sebaceous glands, along with the accumulation of dead skin cells, dirt, and bacteria, can lead to clogged pores and the development of acne. The presence of specific bacteria on the skin, such as P. acnes, further contributes to inflammation and acne formation.

Hormonal changes, particularly during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, or due to certain medical conditions, can trigger acne breakouts. Additionally, some medications and a family history of acne may increase the likelihood of experiencing blemishes.

Environmental factors, such as exposure to pollution, humidity, and excessive sweating, can also play a role in aggravating acne. Moreover, a diet high in refined carbohydrates, sugary foods, and dairy products may exacerbate acne in certain individuals.